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Heat vs temperature: what's the difference?

Highlighted from a real textbook passage. Explained by Clicked.

Used in a sentence

University Course Reader · STEM

The heat released by the reaction raised the water's temperature by four degrees.

The reader highlighted one word in a textbook passage. Clicked broke down the physics term “heat” into plain English:

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Overview

Temperature is a measure of how fast, on average, the particles in something are moving. Heat is energy passing from a hotter thing to a colder one. Temperature is per particle; heat is a total. Tea at 80 degrees is hotter than a bath at 40, yet the bath can give a 20 degree room about two hundred times as much heat, because it holds six hundred times as much water. Temperature answers "how hot?". Heat answers "how much energy moved?".
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Overview

Temperature is how fast the particles in a thing are moving, on average. Heat is energy leaving a hotter thing for a colder one. Everyday talk uses the word for the wrong thing when it says a hot pan "has heat". In physics the pan has a temperature; heat is what leaves it for your hand. "Stay out of the heat" is the same slip: hot air has a temperature, and heat is what passes between it and your skin. Temperature says how hot. Heat says how much moved. 😎

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Detail

Temperature is a measure of how fast, on average, the particles in something are moving. Heat is energy passing from a hotter thing to a colder one. The two come apart because temperature is per particle and heat is a total. Take a cup of tea at 80 degrees and a bath at 40, in a 20 degree room. The tea is hotter, but the bath can give the room about two hundred times as much heat, because it holds six hundred times as much water. Heat flows only while there is a temperature difference. Put a hot spoon in cold water and energy passes from spoon to water: the spoon cools, the water warms, and the flow stops when the two reach one temperature. That is what "same temperature" means: nothing left to flow. Because heat is a flow, an object does not contain heat; it holds energy in the motion and arrangement of its particles, and heat is the part that passes to something colder. Heat can also flow while a temperature stays put. Drop ice at 0 degrees into a drink at 20 and heat passes from the warmer drink into the colder ice, yet the ice stays at 0 while it melts. Loosening the ice's rigid structure into water uses up all the heat, so none is left to speed its particles up.
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Detail

Temperature is how fast the particles in a thing are moving on average, and heat is energy on its way from something hotter to something colder. The word people trip on is heat. Everyday talk says a hot pan "has heat"; in physics the pan has energy in its fast-moving particles, and heat is the bit that leaves for your hand when you grab the handle. Nothing crosses unless there is a temperature gap, and it always runs downhill, hot to cold. Leave a cold can of drink in a warm room and heat flows in, room to can, until the two agree on a temperature and the flow stops. A cold thing has plenty of energy in it; heat just flows into it while its neighbour is warmer. Then the trick that catches everyone: heat can pour into something while its temperature does not budge. Drop ice into a drink and the warmer drink hands heat to the ice the whole time it melts. The ice stays at 0 degrees while it does, because turning solid ice into liquid water uses all of it, and none is left over to speed anything up. Temperature is a per-particle average. Heat is the bill. 😎

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Analogy

Temperature is the water level in a tank, and heat is water running from one tank into another through a pipe that joins them. Join a wide, shallow tank to a tall, narrow one and water flows from the higher level to the lower until the levels match, then stops. The level decides which way the water goes and when it stops. It says nothing about how much water there is: the wide tank at a low level can hold far more than the narrow one, however high you fill it. Temperature works the same way. It decides which way energy flows and when the flow ends. It says nothing about how much energy is there to flow. That amount is heat, and it depends on how much stuff there is as well as how hot it is.
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Analogy

A sparkler burns at over 1,000 degrees but can land on the back of your hand without much fuss. A bath at 45 degrees is barely warm and would overheat you badly if you stayed in it long enough. Temperature is what each particle is doing; heat is what the whole lot can hand over. The sparkler's specks are furiously hot but there is almost nothing there, so they have hardly any heat to give before they are spent. The bath is mild, and every one of its hundred and fifty litres lends a little, until you and the water are the same temperature. Hotter is not the same as more heat. 😎
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Formal definition — The same term, explained the usual way

Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the average kinetic energy of the particles in a body, measured in kelvin or degrees Celsius; it determines the direction of spontaneous energy transfer between bodies in thermal contact. Heat is energy transferred between bodies as a result of a temperature difference, measured in joules; it is a process quantity describing energy in transit and is not a property that a body contains. The heat required to change a body's temperature depends on its mass and specific heat capacity, and heat may also be transferred during a change of phase, such as melting or boiling, without any change in temperature.

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